IndexSummaryIntroductionMaterial and methodPreparation of different concentrationsDiscussionPhytochemical analysisConclusionReferenceSummaryThis work was carried out to study the antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata peel extract using ethanol, methanol and a solvent aqueous extraction. For this study we used the agar well diffusion method and we know the antibacterial activity of banana peel extract. Four concentrations are used for this study: 12.5 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original assay Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enteritidis of this test microorganisms are used in this study to know the antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata peel extract. To study the phytochemical analysis of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Musa acuminata peel extract, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinines and alkaloids are present in both ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts. Then, phytochemical screening is revealed. From the result we know that banana peels show antibacterial activity against these tested microorganisms. Banana peel extract has great importance in public health. Yellow banana peel has good antibacterial activity against Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria to replace synthetic medicine in these diseases caused by these bacteria. From the result we can know that Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows the maximum inhibition zone (31.7+-2.0) at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus shows the minimum zone of inhibition (25.0+-2.0) in a concentration of 100 mg/ml of ethanolic extract. At the lowest concentration (12.5 mg/ml), Bacillus subtilis shows the maximum zone of inhibition (19.0+-2.0) and Staphylococcus aureus shows the minimum zone of inhibition (15.5+-2.0) in ethanol extract.Keywords: phytochemicals, antibacterial, Musa acuminata, banana peel. Introduction Musa acuminata (banana) is the most important food crop. It is developed in various countries. Banana is grown in 122 countries. And it is available in our country. Banana peel extract contains many types of vitamins: vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E and malic acid. Mainly the peel is the waste part of the various fruits. But banana peel has antibacterial activity. In the case of commercial applications, the peels may be due to their unknown benefits. The potential application of banana peel depends on its chemical composition. Fatty acids are present in banana peel and are responsible for the antibacterial activity of the peel extract. For this study, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterititis of this bacterial culture are used to know the antibacterial activity. Methanol, ethanol and aqueous solvents are used. Concentrations of 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml are carried out in aqueous extract, ethanol and methanol. Material and Method Collection of plant material: Musa acuminata fruit was selected for this study to know the antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis. The Musa acuminata fruit was collected from our garden next to our house in Kotalpara village. This sample was identified in our microbiology department, Champadanga, Hooghly. After identifying this fruit, the banana fruit peels are collected. Preparation of peel extract: First, theCollected peels are washed well with hot water and cold water. Then it is air dried. The dried peels are ground in the blender. The mixture is collected in a closed jar for long storage. Preparation of the aqueous extract: 5 g of peel powder is added into the 25 ml of distilled water and an aqueous solution is obtained. This solution is prepared in a conical flask. The conical flask is bordered with tissue paper and rubber band. Then, some pores are created on the surface of the tissue paper through which air passes. The solution is kept at room temperature at 37℃ for 24 hours. Preparation of ethanolic extract: 5 g of peel powder is added to 25 ml of ethanol and transformed into ethanolic extract. This extract is prepared in a flask. The flask is tied with tissue paper and a rubber band. Some pores are made for air passages. Then it is stored at room temperature at 37℃ for 24 hours. Collection of test organisms: Test organisms are Bacillus subtitles (MTCC-441), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-737), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC-432), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC -424), Escherichia coli (MTCC-443) , Salmonella enteritis (MTCC - ) are collected. These bacteria grow on Moller Hinton agar and aged nutrients. Different concentrations of 12.5 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml are used for this study. 1 g of peel mixture is measured and added in 10 ml of DMSO and a concentration of 100 mg/ml is obtained. This is called a stock solution. For a concentration of 50 mg/ml, 1 ml of stock solution and 1 ml of DMSO are taken into an attached tube. 0.50 ml of stock solution is added in 1.50 ml of DMSO and a concentration of 25 mg/ml is prepared. For a concentration of 12.5 mg/ml, 0.25 ml of broth with 1.75 ml of DMSO is added. Each concentration is stored in a 2 ml volume of tube. 6 nutrient agar plates are prepared and then inoculated with bacterial culture. 3 plates are taken for 1 bacterial culture and another 3 plates are taken for another bacterial culture. Well, they are run in each agar plate with borar. Concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml are marked in two separate inoculated plates and the concentration in the well from the particular tube is indicated. Two more inoculated plates are taken and then marked with the concentration of 50 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml and the concentration is given in the well from the particular tube. Then, four plates are inoculated and given the concentration. DMSO is supplied in two other plates. The results obtained from this research work are summarized in the following tables. Table -1 Antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata in different bacteria for aqueous extract in different concentrations Concentration (mg/ml) 100 mg/ml 50 mg/ ml25 mg/ml12.5 mg/mlEscherichia Coli27.25±2.022.25±2.018.25 ±2.017.25±2.0Bacillus Subtilis28.5±3.027.25±2.021.25±2.018.5±3.0Staphylococcus aureusL36.1±3.027.4±3.023.7±2.020.0±2.0Klebsiella pneumoniae32.3±2.028 .2±3.023.0±2.019.5±2.0Pseudomonas aeruginosa34.5±2.031.7±2.026.0±2.021.2±3.0Salmonella enteritis29.0±2.026.2±3.023.1±2.019.4±3.0L The antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata shows the highest zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginous and the lowest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata shows the highest zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the lowest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilis shows the maximum zone of inhibition (33.5±2.0) and Pseudomonusaeruginosa shows the minimum zone of inhibition (17.5±2.0). Table 2 The antibacterial activity (zones of inhibition in cm) of musa acuminatum peel extract against different bacteria for ethanolic extract indifferent concentrationConcentration (mg/ml)100 mg/ml50 mg/ml25 mg/ml12.5 mg/mlEscherichia Coli31.6±3.027.5±2.023.0±2.018.2±2.0Bacillus Subtilis33.5±2.030.1±2.026 ,4±2,021.7±2.0Staphylococcus aureus29.4±2.025.7±2.021.3±2.018.0±2.0Klebsiella pneumoniae32.9±2.030.7±3.026.1±2.021.6±2.0Pseudomonas aeruginosa27, 6±2,022.4±2,020.4±2,017.5±2.0Salmonella enteritis30.0±2.027.4±3.024.5±2.018.7±3.0Table-3 Antibacterial activity (zones of inhibition in cm) of the peel extract of musa acuminatum against different bacteria for methanolic extract in different concentrationsConcentration (mg/ml)100 mg/ml50 mg/ml25 mg/ml12.5 mg/mlEscherichia Coli26.1±2,022.3±2,020.4±2,016.6 ±2.0Bacillus Subtilis29.3±2.026.7±2.023.4 ±3.019.0±2.0Staphylococcus aureus25.0±2.021.2±2.018.7±2.015.5±2.0Klebsiella pneumoniae29.4±2.025.0±2.021. 5±2.016.2±2.0Pseudomonas aeruginosa31.7±2.024.5±2.020.3±3.017. 0±2.0 Salmonella enteritis28.5±2,025.9±3,021.4±2,018.7±3.0Pseudomonus aeruginosa shows the maximum zone of inhibition (31.7±2.0) and Staphylococcus aureus shows the minimum zone of inhibition (15.5±2.0).DiscussionBanana is a cheap and easily available fruit which is consumed by several people all over the world. Because it has high nutritional properties. In recent times, it has been reported that these peels are not entirely useless as many of the bioactive plant components reside in them. Therefore, project work was carried out to ascertain the antimicrobial efficacy of banana peels against clinical isolates. From phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous banana peel extracts, we know that flavonoids, terpenoids, quinines, and alkaloids are present in both ethanol and aqueous solutions. solvents and tannins, saponins are absent in both solvents. Flavonoids are known as antimicrobial substances effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It is synthesized by plants in response to microbial attacks. Their activity is probably due to their ability to react with extracellular and soluble proteins and to complex with bacterial cell walls leading to the death of the bacteria. Tannins have various physiological effects such as anti-irritant, antimicrobial and anti-parasitic effects. Plants containing tannins are used to treat nonspecific diarrhea, inflammation of the mouth and throat, and lightly wounded skin. From this research work we discovered that bacteria have good antibacterial activity. We understand that Staphylococcus aureus is a sensitive bacterial species and that its zones of inhibition are 36.1+-3 in 100 mg/ml for the aqueous extract. Therefore, Lt shows good antibacterial activity at the highest concentration for the aqueous extract. And at the lowest concentration (12.5 mg/ml) the zone of inhibition is 20.0+-2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae are very sensitive in the aqueous extract. In the case of the ethanolic extract, Bacillus subtilis shows good antibacterial activity at maximum concentration. Therefore, the zone inhibition range is 33.5+-2.0 at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. Klebsiella pneoniae and Escherichia coli are very sensitive in the ethanolic extract, and the inhibition zone range is 32.9+-2.0 and 31.6+-3.0 in concentration 100. In the methanolic extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa l The inhibition zone range is 31.7+-2.0 in 100mg/ml. So it shows good antibacterial activity. Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae are very sensitive in the methanolic extract. The zones of inhibition are 29.3+-2.0 and 29.4+-2.0 in 100 mg/ml. Phytochemical analyzes Musa acuminata peel extract was analyzed for alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oil, and resins using standard procedures. Test for glycosides: 1 ml of extract was taken, then 2 ml of acetic acid was added and then cooled in a bath ofice at 4℃. 1 ml of sulfuric acid was added dropwise into this mixture. The formation of an oily layer above the solution indicates the presence of glycosides. Test for alkaloids: 1 ml of 1% HCL was added to 3 ml of extract. Subsequently the mixture is treated with a few drops of Meyer's reagent. If the creamy white precipitation appears like this, we can understand the presence of alkaloids. Test for saponins: 5 drops of olive oil were added to 2 ml of plant extract and this mixture was shaken vigorously. A stable emulsion is formed indicating the presence of saponins. Tannin test: 2 drops of 5% ferric chloride were added to 1 ml of plant extract. A dirty green precipitate appears indicating the presence of tannins. Test for flavonoids: 3 drops of ammonia solution followed by 0.5 ml of concentrated HCL were added to 1 ml of extract. The light brown color appearance in the mixture indicated the presence of flavonoids. Test for steroids: 1 ml of concentrated acid tetraoxosulfate (VI) was added into 1 ml of the plant extract. A red coloration confirmed the presence of steroids. Test for resins: 5 ml of copper acetate solution was added to 5 ml of extract. The mixture was shaken vigorously and allowed to separate. A reddish-brown precipitation appears indicating the presence of resins. Conclusion In the case of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of banana peels, the antibacterial properties were found to be considerably high in this research work. The organism tested was highly resistant to antibiotics and was found to be susceptible in banana peel extract. Yellow banana peels have good antibacterial activity against both gram (+) and gram (-) and is also known as a "good antibacterial agent". We came to the conclusion that banana peel has good antibacterial activity for public health. Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay Musa acuminata, the wild species of banana, is a plant in tropical and subtropical regions. All parts of the plant including fruits, peels, leaves, roots are used in the treatment of many diseases in traditional medicine. The green pharmaceutical activities of musa acuminata include antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor and antimicrobial activity, especially anti-HIV activity. From the study of phytochemicals, we can know the traditional use of different parts of musa acuminata in various diseases. Reference Lucky Evbuomwan , Ikechukwv Bright Jacob , Gift Onoriode Onodje, Chukwuka Emeka Patrick “Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata (banana) fruit peels against multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates.” International Journal of New Research in Life Sciences Vol.5, Issue 3, PP: (26-31), Month: May - June 2018.S.Chanda, Y.Baravalia, M.Kaneria and K.Rakholiy, "Fruit and vegetable peels-strong natural source of antimicrobials". Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Vol.60.PP.121-126,2010. Indian Materia Medica, Vol-I, Bombay Popular Prakashan, second edition, reprint 1995, 595. Mokbel Matook Saif and Hashinaga Fumio (2005). Antimicrobial activity of banana (Musa, AAA cv. Cavendish) Fruits Peel, American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1(3): 125-13. Fagbemi Josephine Ferdinand, Ugoji Esther, Adenipekun Tayo and Adelowotan Omotoyin (2009). Banana (Musa sapientum L.), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus S.) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on pathogens, African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (7):13. -19.Rathi Badal S., Thakurdesai Prasad A. and Bodhankar Subhash L. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of musa saientum flowers, Indian J. nat.prod, 22(1):. 62-65, 2011.