Essay on Intermolecular BondingWrite an essay on intermolecular bonding. Explain how each type of bond arises and the evidence for the existence of each. Comment on their strengths in relation to the types of atoms involved; the covalent bond and with respect to each other. Use the concepts of different types and strengths of intermolecular bonds to explain the following: There are four types of intermolecular bonding, which include ionic, covalent, van der Waals, and hydrogen bonding. To describe the existence of this bond it is necessary to also understand the concepts of polarity, polar and non-polar and electronegativity. Ionic bonds are created by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another. In this electron transfer process, each atom becomes an isoelectronic ion with the nearest noble gas. The substance is held together by electrostatic forces between the ions. The tendency of these ions to form by elements corresponds to the octet rule, when atoms react, they tend to do so in such a way as to reach an outer shell containing eight electrons. The factors that influence the formation of ions are ionization energy, electron affinity, lattice energy. Figure 1The transfer of electrons involved in the formation of (a) sodium chloride and (b) calcium fluoride. Each atom forms an ion with an outer shell containing eight electrons. For many elements, compounds cannot be formed by the production of ions, since the energy released in the formation of the ion lattice would be insufficient to overcome the energy needed to form the ions. ions would be insufficient to overcome the energy required to form the ions in the first place. For atoms to reach a noble gas configuration they must use another bonding method via the process of electron sharing. From figure 2, you can see the example of two hydrogen atoms combing each other. As the atoms get closer, each electron experiences a pull towards the two nuclei and the electron density changes so that the most likely place to find the two electrons is between the two nuclei. In effect each atom now has a share of both electrons. The electron density between the two nuclei exerts an attractive force on each nucleus keeping them tightly together in a covalent bond. Figure 2 A covalent bond forming between two hydrogen atoms. It is also possible for two atoms to share more than one pair of electrons, sharing two pairs results in a double bond, while sharing three pairs results in a triple bond. Electronegativity is a measure of how powerful an atom is in a molecule