Topics that have been addressed, practiced, memorized, and then mastered in a given educational atmosphere such as classrooms or seminars. In contrast, knowledge cannot be determined by the ability to transmit stored information in a robotic and impersonal way. Authentic knowledge is demonstrated when an individual has the ability to connect ideas, make sense of topics, carry on interesting conversations, formulate thorough and well-supported arguments, and notice similarities and differences between ideas. Ergo, it doesn't necessarily matter what exactly the person talks about, but only how they present their ideas. Formal education can help with the articulation of ideas and presentation of concepts. However, many individuals gain expertise through experience in certain trades or trades, which gives them extensive knowledge in that subject. According to Gerald Graff, professor of English and education at the University of Illinois “…the rudiments of intellectual life [are]: how to argue, weigh different types of evidence, move between particulars and generalizations, summarize the opinions of others and start a conversation about others” (Graff 959). That said, assuming that a person's intellect is measurable only by their level of education is a misguided accusation. It is believed that,