In a study produced by Dr. Bhattacharya (2009) regarding the ISM Code on Occupational Health and Safety Management in the Maritime Industry four (4) key findings were raised which question the effectiveness. The first problem identified is the fact that both actors (managers and seafarers) involved in the implementation of the ISM code have a different perception on the topic. Shipping company executives use the ISM Code as a management tool that will improve and promote a safe and healthy working environment on board their ships. However, on the other hand, seafarers see the ISM code as a bureaucratic formality and burden with little impact on promoting a safe and healthy working environment since, as the same study indicates, seafarers rely on acquired work experience and through daily interaction with their colleagues. colleagues. Furthermore, it can be said that the written procedures and guidelines produced by managers were insufficient. The second issue raised is the difference in methodology used in implementing the ISM code. The main practices followed to demonstrate compliance with the ISM Code are risk assessment, incident/near-miss reporting and audit/review. The cited study revealed that, even if managers and seafarers are able to demonstrate documented compliance with the above-mentioned practices, it can be said that there is a difference between its purpose and what has been achieved in practice, since the seafarers involved in risk situations the accident/near accident assessment and reporting practices deem it unnecessary and produce the documents necessary to be exhibited in compliance with the Managers' requirements...... half of the document ......health and professional safety in the marine industry. Ph. D. [online] Cardiff University. [viewed 4 April 2014]. Available from: http://www.sirc.cf.ac.uk/uploads/thesis/Bhattacharya.pdf HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE (HSE), 2010 Worker involvement in health and safety: what works? [online] [viewed 4 April 2014]. Available from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/involvement/rospa-wish.pdfLAPPALAINEN, J. AND SALMI, K. 2009. Safety culture and safety attitudes of maritime personnel: interview report. [online] Publications of the Maritime Studies Center A 48. [accessed 4 April 2014]. Available from: http://www.merikotka.fi/julkaisut/Lappalainen_maritime_personel.pdfSTADE, R. 2010. The ISM code: CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT. [online] Chalmers University of Technology.[viewed 4 April 2014]. Available from: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/126636.pdf