DNA is made up of a deoxyribose sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The four nitrogen-containing bases are divided into two groups, purines and pyrimidines. The structure of DNA is called a double helix because it resembles a spiral staircase. We also learned about complementary base pairing, DNA replication, mutations, and the structure of RNA. RNA included all three types of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. From RNA we also learned about transcription, protein structure, protein synthesis, enzyme production, and translation. We learned this through activities like our DNA study sheet, our paper plasmid cloning lab, mutation activity, and our protein synthesis worksheet. In the DNA study sheet we were given background information for every few questions to answer about what DNA is, it's structure, how the rings are built and also where they pair up. The structure of DNA is similar to a spiral staircase and is called a double helix. DNA is made up of a deoxyribose sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The four nitrogen-containing bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. However, they are usually represented in abbreviations. A-adenine, G-guanine, C-cytosine and T-thymine. The four nitrogenous bases are divided into purines or pyrimidines. Purines are two-ring bases, while pyrimidines are single-ring bases. Complementary base pairs are how nucleotides pair up. They connect to each other via hydrogen bonds. Cytosine connects to guanine to form three hydrogen bonds, while adenine connects to thymine to form two hydrogen bonds. In the paper plasmid cloning lab we used paper to simulate cloning a gene from an organism into a bacterial plasmid...... paper medium ......the transcript is translated into a sequence of amino acids . What is the genetic code. Each combination of three mRNA nucleotides in a codon. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. For example, the start codon is AUG while the stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA. During translation, tRNA anti-codons pair with the corresponding mRNA codon. Amino acids join together to form polypeptides. The polypeptide folds and binds to other polypeptides and functions as a complete structure of a protein. In conclusion, DNA contains "blueprints" that are used to create cells. Provides instructions to the cell. Depending on the cellular environment, genes might be turned on or off. Since it is the cause of enzyme production. This switching of genes on and off can cause certain enzymes to be restricted, mutated, and created. Thus, controlling the functions of genes.